健康资源目录

What is domestic and family abuse and violence? Domestic and family abuse and violence comes in many forms. This type of violence doesn’t discriminate and occurs in all types of relationships and cultural groups. Violence and abuse can be physical, emotional, psychological, financial or social. It is unfortunately common in...

What is it domestic violence and safety planning? You may need a safety plan if you feel you are at risk of domestic and family abuse and violence. A safety plan is a series of steps that will help you avoid a dangerous situation. This plan will keep you and...

What is sexual assault? Sexual assault as any type of sexual behaviour that makes someone feel uncomfortable, frightened, intimidated or threatened. Rape is an act of violence that uses sex as the weapon. Sadly, one in five women in Australia will experience sexual assault at some time in their life....

What is antipsychotic medication? Psychosis is a serious mental health condition. It is when a person cannot tell the difference between what is real and what is not. Antipsychotic medications help manage symptoms of psychosis. They work by changing brain chemistry to help reduce symptoms like hallucinations, delusions and disordered...

What is anxiety? Anxiety is when you feel anxious or stressed without a clear reason. It is the most common mental health issue in Australia. One in four people will have anxiety at some stage in their life. Sometimes it can stop you from doing your normal daily tasks. It...

What is bereavement, grief and loss? Bereavement is the process of coping with the death of a family member or close friend. If someone you know has died, you may need support and guidance. Dealing with a death can be a stressful and distressing time. The grief you feel is...

What is depression? Depression is a mental health condition that affects your mood. One in six people will experience depression at some time during their life. Many people who have depression also have anxiety. Depression can be mild to severe. Half of all people who get treatment will start feeling...

What is a disaster? A disaster can include heatwaves, bushfires, droughts, floods, severe storms and tropical cyclones, earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides. Disasters can affect your emotions and mental health. They can also make mental health and drug and alcohol issues worse. It can be hard to look after yourself and...

What is problem gambling? Some people can gamble responsibly, but others find it hard to stop. Gambling becomes a problem when it starts to disrupt a person’s personal, family and work life. Problem gambling can also affect those around them. If your quality of life is suffering due to your...

What is self-harm? Self-harm is when someone purposely hurts a part of their body. Some common forms of self-harm are cutting, burning, and picking at wounds or scars. Taking too much medication, drugs or alcohol are also types of self-harm. It is really important to get help as soon as...

What are suicidal thoughts? Sometimes, people have thoughts about wanting to harm themselves or end their life. These thoughts may occur in response to distressing life events or a mental health issue that is getting worse. If you are having suicidal thoughts, it’s very important to understand there is always...

What is anaemia? Anaemia is when your body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. This reduces the oxygen flow in the body. One of the most common symptoms of anaemia is fatigue. Anaemia can also cause shortness of breath, headaches, dizziness and a racing heartbeat. Anaemia can occur...

What is deep vein thrombosis? Deep vein thrombosis is a type of blood clot that forms in a deep vein (not a vein on the surface of the skin). Deep vein thrombosis is usually seen in the leg but may form in any deep vein. The main danger is that...

What is haemochromatosis? Haemochromatosis causes the body to absorb too much iron from food. The condition is genetic, which means it is passed from parent to child. Some people with haemochromatosis will develop problems, while others won’t. Haemochromatosis can lead to heart disease, diabetes and liver disease. However, treatment is...

What is hypertension? Hypertension is the medical name for high blood pressure. High blood pressure means your blood is pumping with more force than normal through your arteries. After a while, this increased pressure can start to damage blood vessels in the brain, heart and kidneys. This could lead to...

What is Iron Deficiency Anaemia? Iron deficiency anaemia is a type of anaemia caused by a lack of iron. You need iron to make haemoglobin, a special protein that carries oxygen in your red blood cells. When you don’t have enough haemoglobin, less oxygen is available in your body. This...

What is a pulmonary embolism? A pulmonary embolism is when a blood clot blocks the arteries that supply blood to the lungs. A blood clot can form in the veins of the legs, pelvis, abdomen (tummy) or the heart. The clot moves from where it first forms and travels through...

What is acute leukaemia? Acute leukaemia is a type of blood cancer. It happens when the body makes too many weak white blood cells. The weak cells take over healthy cells in your bone marrow. It is a type of cancer which grows and gets worse quickly. Because these cells...

What is bowel cancer? Bowel cancer is cancer that affects the colon or rectum. It is also called colorectal cancer. Cancer starts when cells that are not normal grow out of control. Bowel cancer begins when polyps (small clumps of cells) grow in the colon. Over time, polyps can turn...

What is chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)? Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is a type of blood cancer. It affects the white blood cells in the bone marrow. It is a type of cancer which grows and progresses slowly. If you have CLL you might not notice any symptoms. This type of...

What is endometrial cancer? Endometrial cancer is cancer that starts in the uterus. Most women who get this type of cancer are aged over 50. This cancer is the most common type of cancer that affects the reproductive system. In people with endometrial cancer, cells that are not normal grow...

What is a family risk of breast or ovarian cancer? Around 5 percent of breast cancers and 15 percent of ovarian cancers are due to a family link. This means the person with cancer has a gene mutation from a blood relative. A mutation is a change or fault in...

What is a family risk of colorectal or endometrial cancer? Around 10 to 15% of all people with colorectal cancer have a family history. Family history means the person with cancer has inherited a gene mutation from a blood relative. A mutation is a change or fault in the DNA...

What is head and neck cancer? Head and neck cancer is a term for cancers that grow in the head and neck area. Cancer can be inside the nose, sinuses, mouth, throat, voicebox and salivary glands. Head and neck cancers happen when unhealth cells grow and develop in the tissue...

What is liver cancer? Liver cancer is cancer that starts in the cells of the liver. In people with liver cancer, cells that are not normal grow out of control and form tumours. These cells can spread throughout the liver or to other parts of the body. There are several...

What is lung cancer? Lung cancer is a form of cancer that starts in the lungs. In Australia, more people die of lung cancer than any other cancer. Most of the time, lung cancer is linked with smoking – though non-smokers can also get it. If you or someone you...

What is lymphoma? Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer which affects the lymphatic system. It is the most common form of blood cancer in Australia. It can develop in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood or other organs. The two main forms are: Non-Hodgkin’s – affects around 90%...

What is melanoma? Melanoma is a serious form of skin cancer. Australia has the highest rate of melanoma in the world. Melanoma is more common in men. It is often found on the trunk in men and legs in women. Melanoma sometimes looks like a brown spot or mole. It...

What is myeloma? Myeloma is a type of blood cancer. It affects the plasma cells in the bone marrow. It can cause kidney and nerve problems or stop bone marrow from making regular blood cells. Myeloma can also affect the bone tissue, causing brittle bones and fractures, and high levels...

What is oesophageal cancer? Oesophageal cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the cells that line the oesophagus. This is the tube that connects your mouth to your stomach. In people with this cancer, abnormal cells grow very quickly. This type of cancer is not common. You should...

What is ovarian cancer? Ovarian cancer is cancer that begins in the ovaries. In people with this type of cancer, cells that are not normal grow in the ovaries. These cells form a tumour, which is a mass of tissue. Tumours can grow and spread through the body. Ovarian cancer...

What is a breast cancer screening? Breast cancer screening is a test that checks for early signs of breast cancer. Finding breast cancer early means treatment can start early. A breast cancer screen involves scanning the breasts using an X-ray test called a mammogram. This can find cancers that are...

What is cervical cancer screening? Cervical cancer screening is a test that checks for HPV. This can be an early sign of cervical cancer. It is for women and people with a cervix. You don’t need to have symptoms to have a cervical screening. You should have a test every...

What is an anxiety disorder? An anxiety disorder is when we often feel very anxious. This can be anxious about something specific or feeling anxious all the time. Sometimes a person will also have panic attacks. A panic attack is when you feel intense anxiety over a short period of...

What is a behavioural concern? Some children act differently to other children. Behaving differently isn’t always a problem. But, if your child’s conduct is causing stress, worry, harm, or risk – either to your child, or to those around your child – then there is a cause for concern. Examples...

What is a behavioural disorder? A behavioural disorder is when a child has difficulty with their emotions and behaviours. Their behaviour can be negative towards others, not follow expected rules or they may not do as asked or expected. To be diagnosed, the behaviour has to be severe enough that...

What is a compulsive disorder? A compulsive disorder is when a person has repeated unwanted thoughts or the need to repeat a specific behaviour or mental act. It is sometimes confused with anxiety because of the distress caused by the thoughts and need to repeat the behaviour. To be diagnosed,...

What is a developmental concern? GPs use milestones to track your child’s development. Milestones are the skills and tasks children can do at different ages. For example, smiling at 6 weeks, or forming words around 12 months. Milestones are based on five domains: fine motor, gross motor, speech, social, and...

What is a behavioural concern? Some children act differently to other children. Behaving differently isn’t always a problem. But, if your child’s conduct is causing stress, worry, harm, or risk – either to your child, or to those around your child – then there is a cause for concern. Examples...

What is a developmental concern? GPs use milestones to track your child’s development. Milestones are the skills and tasks children can do at different ages. For example, smiling at 6 weeks, or forming words around 12 months. Milestones are based on five domains: fine motor, gross motor, speech, social, and...

What is juvenile idiopathic arthritis? Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a type of arthritis that develops in a child aged 16 or younger. It causes joint inflammation and stiffness. Researchers still don’t know what causes juvenile idiopathic arthritis. In Australia, at least 5000 children are affected by the disease at any...

What is obstructive sleep apnoea in children? Obstructive sleep apnoea is when something partly or completely blocks the throat during sleep. This causes breathing to reduce or stop for a short time before starting again. This often happens with a gasp, snort or a jerk of the body. Children with...

What is a rash? A rash is a change in colour and texture of the skin. They can feel hot, itchy, or painful. The rash may appear in one spot or around the body. They can last for days or weeks. Rashes are common in children and babies. There are...

What is short stature in children? Short stature in children means a child is shorter than most other children of their age and gender. From birth, your GP will record your child’s height on a growth chart. This is how they see if your child is growing well. Short stature...

What is weight gain in children? Weight management in children is about making long-term changes that support a healthy lifestyle. The goal is to slow weight gain and allow your child to grow into his or her weight. A poor diet, lack of exercise, emotional issues, and even a lack...

What is a healthy diet? Diet is an important part of managing your diabetes. There is no one-size-fits-all diet for diabetes, because everyone is different. But it is important to eat foods from the five food groups: fruit, vegetables, dairy, lean meats (or vegetarian alternatives) and whole grains.  Diet is...

What is diabetes during pregnancy? If you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes and are pregnant, you need special care. Without the right care, there may be long-term negative effects for you and your baby. Having uncontrolled diabetes during pregnancy can increase the chance your baby does not develop...

What is a diabetes eye screening? Diabetes is not just a disease that affects your blood sugar levels. High blood sugar levels can also change the shape of the lens in your eye, causing blurry vision. This problem eases when blood sugar levels are stable. Diabetes can also cause vision...

What is a diabetes foot screening? Diabetes is not just a disease that affects your blood sugar levels. High blood sugar levels can also cause damage to the nerves and blood vessels in your feet. This puts you at risk of foot infections, ulcers and even amputation. Nerve damage could...

What is a diabetes kidney screening? High blood sugar levels can damage your kidneys. Undiagnosed kidney damage can lead to serious health issues. You might develop kidney failure, which requires dialysis or a kidney transplant to keep you alive. Kidney damage is often ‘silent’. This means that you may not...

What are diabetes medications? If you have type 2 diabetes, you may need medication to help manage your blood sugar levels. There are lots of options. Your GP will help you find the right option based on your unique health needs. Common options include tablets and needles. Medication doesn’t replace...

What is gestational diabetes? Diabetes develops if the body can’t make enough insulin. Insulin helps the body to absorb sugar from the blood. Some women get a type of diabetes when they are pregnant. This is called gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after your baby is born. But,...

What is hypoglycaemia? Hypoglycaemia is low blood sugar and it’s one of the most common problems related to diabetes. Taking too much medication, not eating enough or exercising a lot might cause low blood sugar in people with diabetes. If untreated, low blood sugar can cause serious health risks. Some...

What is pre-diabetes? After you eat, your body breaks down food into glucose, a type of sugar. A hormone called insulin helps your body absorb glucose. If your body can’t make enough insulin or the insulin does not work properly, you may develop diabetes. Pre-diabetes is a condition that happens...

What is pre-pregnancy planning? If you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes and can become pregnant, it is important to plan. Planning helps women manage their diabetes and prepare for pregnancy. It is important even if you do not want to become pregnant. If you want to have a...

What is type 1 diabetes? Type 1 diabetes is when your pancreas is unable to make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps your body absorb and use the glucose, or sugar, in the food you eat. Glucose is a key energy source. Without insulin, your body can’t perform its...

What is type 2 diabetes? Diabetes develops if the body can’t make enough insulin. After you eat, your body breaks down food into glucose (a type of sugar). Insulin is a hormone that helps your body absorb sugar from the blood. If you have type 2 diabetes, the glucose in...

Benefits of exercise It can sometimes seem too hard to exercise, with time, money, tiredness and other factors getting in the way. However, reminding ourselves of the benefits of exercise can help keep us motivated.

How can I maintain my health behaviours? Sometimes getting the motivation to change our lifestyle is easy but actually making that change and sticking with it can be almost impossible. However, there are some simple strategies we can use to help us maintain healthy behaviour change.

What is a condition related to obesity? Obesity can affect a person’s overall health and wellbeing. People with a body mass index of more than 25 are at greater risk of developing a number of related medical conditions. Obesity can also increase the symptoms of these health conditions. Speak to...

What is planning to lose weight? Being overweight or obese can have an impact on your health, but even small amounts of weight loss can make a difference. In fact, losing just five to 10 per cent of your body weight helps to improve your health. If you’re concerned about...

What is quitting smoking? Smoking is the greatest cause of preventable illness and death in Australia. Around two-thirds of long-term smokers die ahead of their time because they smoke. There are more than 7,000 different chemical compounds in tobacco smoke. Seventy of those compounds are known to cause cancer. If...

What is vitamin D deficiency in children? Vitamin D deficiency is common. If your child has a vitamin D deficiency it means they do not have enough vitamin D in their body. Vitamin D helps our bodies absorb calcium for healthy bone growth. In children, a vitamin D deficiency can...

What is alcohol? Alcohol is a legal drug in Australia for people over the age of 18. However, alcohol use can cause problems. Accident, injury, liver disease, heart disease and cancer are just some of many risks linked with drinking too much. You should drink no more than two standard...

What is cannabis? Cannabis is the most commonly used illegal drug in Australia. It is used in three main forms: marijuana, hashish and hash oil. Cannabis contains the active ingredient delta-9 TetraHydroCannabinol. Cannabis can change your perception and mood. Using cannabis on the odd occasion is linked with little harm....

What is medicinal cannabis? Medicinal cannabis comes from the cannabis plant (also called marijuana). Most medicinal cannabis contains cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). You take medicinal cannabis by mouth (orally). These medicines can be in the form of oils, pills or dried flower products. Medicinal cannabis can be used to...

What is methamphetamine? Methamphetamine is an illegal stimulant which is often called ‘crystal meth’ or ‘ice’. Methamphetamine gives you a short ‘high’ followed by an intense ‘low’ and can be very addictive. People who use ice for a long time are at risk of serious health problems. Ice can also...

What is an opioid? There are many types of opioids, including prescription opioids such as morphine and illegal opioids such as heroin. Opioids are meant to assist with pain relief. People who use opioids for a long time might find it hard to stop and can become dependent. They can...

What is obstructive sleep apnoea? Obstructive sleep apnoea is when something partly or completely blocks the throat during sleep. This causes breathing to reduce or stop for a short time. Breathing then starts again, often with a gasp, snort, or body jerk. Snoring, tossing, turning, and night waking are symptoms....

What is advance care planning? Advance care planning is for people at any age. It is making a plan for your future medical care. If one day you are too unwell to make decisions or communicate, your doctors can refer to your plan. Planning now for your future care can...

What is end-stage respiratory disease? End-stage respiratory disease is when a lung disease reaches a stage where the person with the disease is likely to die within a year. Treatment is no longer able to make the person better and instead aims to relieve symptoms. It helps the person with...

What are the final stages of dying? Managing the final stages of dying involves careful planning. It’s important the person’s wishes are respected. As a family member or carer, you will be supporting the person through the process. When asked, most Australians say they wish to die in their homes...

What is palliative care? Palliative care is a specific type of care for people who have a life-limiting illness. Palliative care helps you, or your loved one, to live as comfortably as possible and achieve the best possible quality of life. Your GP can arrange your care and it may...

What is palliative care pain management? More than 65% of palliative care patients experience a form of pain from mild to severe, depending on their specific condition. People may notice more pain as they reach the final years of life. Most pain can be controlled or relieved. It is normal...

What is self-care for families and carers in palliative care? Caring for someone who has a life-limiting illness is hard but rewarding. It is normal to feel very upset during this time. You may also feel scared, helpless, confused, worried and shocked. As a carer, your effort will play a...

What is sleep disturbance in palliative care? People nearing the end of their lives may have trouble sleeping. There are many reasons why sleep disturbances occur. Sleep disturbances can be a symptom of the disease getting worse. People may also have trouble sleeping due to pain, depression, anxiety or the...

What is voluntary assisted dying? Voluntary assisted dying (VAD) means a person can ask for medical help to end their life. The law in New South Wales says for a person to access VAD, they must: Be an adult (18 years or older) Be an Australian citizen, permanent resident or...

What is a diabetes eye screening? Diabetes is not just a disease that affects your blood sugar levels. High blood sugar levels can also change the shape of the lens in your eye, causing blurry vision. This problem eases when blood sugar levels are stable. Diabetes can also cause vision...

What is a vitamin B12 deficiency? Vitamin B12 deficiency means you don’t have enough vitamin B12 in your body. Our bodies need vitamin B12 to keep your blood and nerve cells healthy. Not having enough vitamin B12 in your body can make you feel tired or weak. Your body does...

What is chest pain? Chest pain can feel like a dull ache, a sharp stab, or a crushing or burning sensation. You can feel chest pain anywhere from your jaw to your ribs. You should take any case of chest pain seriously, as it can be a sign of a...

What is heart failure? Heart failure is when your heart can’t pump enough blood to the rest of your body. The most common causes of heart failure are heart disease, heart attack and high blood pressure. There is no ‘cure’ for heart failure. A healthy lifestyle, education and support can...

What is immunisation? Immunisation is the process of getting a vaccine against a serious disease. Vaccines work by producing an immune response in the body without causing illness. When you get a vaccine, your immune system creates antibodies which help to fight disease. If you come into contact with the...

What is immunisation and pregnancy? Getting certain vaccines before, during and after pregnancy protects you and your baby. Vaccines for pregnant women include: Flu vaccine – can be taken any time while you are pregnant Pertussis vaccine – can be taken 20-32 weeks into your pregnancy If you’re planning to...

What is an influenza immunisation? The influenza (flu) vaccine protects against the flu. The vaccine helps reduce the risk of getting sick with the flu and spreading it. Some people, like those with severe health issues, are more at risk of getting sick from the flu. The flu virus changes...

What is an ankle fracture? An ankle fracture is a broken ankle. Fractures can be thin cracks or complete breaks that shatter. Ankle fractures cause pain, bruising and swelling. There are several types of ankle fractures. The most common type is called a distal fibula fracture. An ankle fracture is...

What is ankle sprain? An ankle sprain is an ankle injury caused by rolling, twisting or straining the ankle. An ankle sprain causes swelling, pain and bruising. In many cases, you can treat your ankle sprain at home with rest, ice, a compression bandage and elevation (RICE). You may also...

What is a burn? A burn occurs when skin is injured by heat. Common causes of burns include hot or boiling liquids and solids, and flames. Burns can also be caused by the sun, radiation, friction, electricity and chemicals. There are three main types of burns: Superficial burns (first-degree burns):...

What is a clavicle fracture? A clavicle fracture is a break in the collar bone. Your collar bone is one of the main bones in your shoulder, it connects your arm to your body. Clavicle fractures are common and may happen while playing sport, after a fall or after a...

What are foot and toe injuries? There are many types of foot and toe injuries. These include: Fractures: A break to one or more bones. Often caused by falling onto the foot, ankle or heel. This can also happen during sport or having something dropped onto it. Each foot has...

What is a hand fracture? A hand fracture is a break in a bone in the hand (metacarpal fracture) or fingers (phalanx fracture). Sometimes, a break is obvious. Other times there may not be much pain. All fractures are diagnosed with a bone X-ray. Your treatment will depend on the...

What is a cut (laceration)? A laceration is a deep cut to the skin or flesh. In some cases, your GP can repair your cut. If your wound requires specialist treatment, you may need to have it treated at hospital. It’s important to see your GP and repair your cut...

What is prepatellar bursitis? Prepatellar bursitis is a type of knee injury that occurs when the bursa, in the front of the kneecap, becomes inflamed. It can be caused by: Falling on the kneecap or other minor injuries Pressure from kneeling or friction on the knee This injury can be...

What is a scaphoid fracture? A scaphoid fracture is a break in one of the bones in your wrist. They usually happen if you’ve had a fall onto your outstretched hand. Sometimes, wrist fractures are not really painful. However, if you have a scaphoid fracture, you need treatment. Correct diagnosis...

What is shoulder dislocation and instability? A shoulder dislocation is when the upper arm bone comes out of the shoulder blade socket. It can be very painful. It is often caused by falls or sport and high impact injuries. If your shoulder is out of its socket, you won’t be...

What is acute kidney injury? Acute kidney injury is a form of kidney damage that occurs quickly, over a few hours to a few days. It affects kidney function, making it hard for the kidneys to filter waste from the blood. Common signs include swelling, going to the toilet less...

What is blood in urine (haematuria)? Blood in urine (Haematuria) is when there is blood in the urine. It can be: Visible: It is possible to see blood in the urine with the naked eye Microscopic: It is not possible to see blood in the urine but red blood cells...

What is chronic kidney disease? Your kidneys filter the blood in your body, removing waste products that can harm your organs. If your kidneys stop working as well as they could, your blood is not filtered properly and this can affect your health. There are many reasons this might happen....

What is a diabetes kidney screening? High blood sugar levels can damage your kidneys. Undiagnosed kidney damage can lead to serious health issues. You might develop kidney failure, which requires dialysis or a kidney transplant to keep you alive. Kidney damage is often ‘silent’. This means that you may not...

What is a kidney infection (pyelonephritis)? Kidney infections happen when bacteria enters your body via the urethra (the tube you pass urine through). The bacteria then travels into your bladder and up to your kidneys. Usually, kidney infections can be easily treated with a course of antibiotics and you will...

What is proteinuria? Proteinuria is the medical name for protein in the urine. There is usually a small amount of protein in the urine but too much means there may be damage, or disease, in your kidneys. Proteinuria is often caused by another condition, such as diabetes or hypertension. It...

What is fatty liver disease? Healthy livers have very little or no fat in them. But if you drink too much alcohol, or eat too much food, your body deals with the excess calories by turning some of them into fat. This fat is then stored throughout your body, even...

What is hepatitis B? Hepatitis B is a virus that affects the liver. The virus is spread through body fluids such as blood, saliva, semen and vaginal fluid. People who can’t get rid of the hepatitis B virus from their body after six months have chronic hepatitis B. Chronic hepatitis...

What is hepatitis C? Hepatitis C is a virus that affects your liver. It is spread by direct blood contact such as sharing unclean needles, unsterile tattooing, contaminated blood products or unsterile medical procedures overseas. Hepatitis C can now be cured and treatment can be given to you by your...

What is breathlessness? Breathlessness is shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing. It can happen for a number of reasons, including: Lung conditions such as asthma or COPD  Heart conditions   Obesity  Anxiety Other conditions such as anaemia, kidney problems or thyroid conditions  Managing your breathlessness depends on what is causing it....

What is COPD? COPD, or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, describes a range of lung diseases, including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, non-reversible asthma and some forms of bronchiectasis. COPD makes it hard for you to breathe. You can also experience tightness in the chest and wheezing. Smoking is the main cause of...

What is end-stage respiratory disease? End-stage respiratory disease is when a lung disease reaches a stage where the person with the disease is likely to die within a year. Treatment is no longer able to make the person better and instead aims to relieve symptoms. It helps the person with...

What is pneumonia? Pneumonia is a serious lung infection caused by a bacteria or virus. It can affect one or both lungs. Pneumonia causes the lungs to become inflamed and can fill with pus or liquid. This makes it hard to breathe. Pneumonia can also cause coughing, chills, fever, pain,...

What is carpal tunnel syndrome? Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by a pinched nerve in your wrist. The pinched nerve causes a numb, tingling feeling in your hand and arm. If you have carpal tunnel syndrome, your hand may also feel weak and clumsy. Hand pain and arm pain are...

What is dupuytren’s contracture? Dupuytren’s Contracture happens when the skin under your hand slowly thickens and gets tight. This can force the fingers to bend towards the palm, like a claw. It can affect any finger but mostly affects the ring finger, then the little finger and then the middle...

What is ganglia? Ganglia are small cysts, they are also known as ganglion cysts. They look like small bumps and contain a thick jelly-like substance. The cysts are most often attached to a joint or tendon. They can appear on the back of the wrist and the top of the...

What is a stroke? A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is blocked. There are two main types of stroke: Haemorrhagic – caused by a blood vessel in the brain that breaks and bleeds. This type accounts for around 15% of strokes Ischaemic – caused by a...

What is a transient ischaemic attack (TIA)? A Transient Ischaemic Attack, also known as a TIA, is a minor stroke. It occurs when blood supply to the brain is blocked for a short time. TIAs are caused by a blood clot or blockage which dissolves or dislodges on its own....

What is ADHD in children? Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common developmental disorder that affects how people behave. Children with ADHD may not be able to sit still. They may fidget, cut others off and act on impulse. They may find it hard to focus, finish tasks and follow orders....

What is autism in children? Autism spectrum disorder (autism for short) affects how someone thinks, feels, acts and behaves with others. Signs can start as early as a few months after birth. Many children show signs by age three. Autism affects around one in 100 children. The causes aren’t fully...

What is dementia? Dementia causes a decline in brain function. It affects parts of the brain like memory, thinking, learning, language, swallowing and being able to go to the toilet. People with dementia may change the way they behave or react to things. There are a few forms of dementia....

What is it epilepsy in pregnancy? It is important to plan for a healthy pregnancy if you have epilepsy. Most women with epilepsy will have a good pregnancy and give birth to a healthy baby. Although, there are some risks. Having epilepsy may make it harder to get pregnant. Pregnancy...

What is mild cognitive impairment? Mild cognitive impairment is memory loss that is not a normal part of ageing. It affects up to 20% of people aged 65 years or older. You may notice your mind isn’t as sharp as it used to be. People who are close to you...

What is a birhmark? An infantile haemangioma is the most common type of birthmark in babies. They often appear a few weeks after birth and fade over time. They may be a bright red colour. These marks often appear on the scalp and face. They can also show up on...

What is back pain? Back pain is the term for pain felt in the spine or back. It can be mild or severe. Back pain is common. It affects around 80% of people around the country at some point. Common causes of back pain include poor posture, heavy lifting, sitting...

What is chronic pain? Chronic pain is pain that lasts longer than expected. It usually occurs after an injury or disease. Chronic pain can be exhausting – both emotionally and physically. It can impact your day-to-day activities, working life, social life, and family life. If you’re experiencing chronic pain, don’t...

What is foot pain? Foot pain can happen in any part of the foot. It can affect the toes, midfoot, ankles, arches and heels. Pain can be because of an injury, underlying health condition, bad fitting shoes or the structure of the foot. Foot pain is common, especially in people...

What is an ingrown toenail? Ingrown toenails occur when your toenail grows into the skin of the toe. They are most common in young adults and often occur in the big toe, though they can impact any toe. Ingrown toenails can be painful and affect your daily life. They may...

What is knee pain? Knee pain is pain you can feel in the knee joint or around the knee. Knee pain can be caused by an injury or a medical condition. Common causes include: Ruptured ligament Torn cartilage Arthritis Gout Infection Your treatment will depend on the cause of the...

What is medication for acute pain? There are two main types of pain: acute and chronic. Acute pain starts suddenly and is usually short-lived. It can range from mild to severe and can have many different causes. Acute pain does not mean the pain is necessarily severe. It means it...

What is shin pain? The shin bone (tibia) is the large bone at the front of the lower leg. Shin pain is common and can also be called shin splints. Shin pain can happen when you try a new form of exercise or when you push yourself. This kind of...

What is trigger finger? Trigger finger happens when your finger is hard to straighten after bending. You might notice a pop or clicking feeling as you bend your finger. Your finger may also feel stiff. In severe cases a trigger finger will get locked or stuck after flexing and may...

What is anaemia during pregnancy? Anaemia means you don’t have enough red blood cells in your blood. It’s often caused by low levels of iron. During pregnancy, your body can produce extra blood to support your growing baby. If you don’t have enough iron, your body may not be able...

What is antenatal screening? A fetal anomaly, sometimes called a birth defect, is when there is a change to part of the body of the foetus. Such a change may increase the chance of stillbirth. It may also cause problems with your child’s health, development and quality of life. Many...

What is asthma during pregnancy? If you have asthma and are pregnant, your asthma control can change. Some women have an increase in symptoms. Keeping good asthma control is vital. Poorly controlled asthma during pregnancy could increase the chance of problems. Regular asthma check-ups, following your GP’s advice, and being...

What is a birth after caesarean section? For women who have had one or more caesarean sections in the past, you may have the option of a vaginal birth for your next pregnancy. After a caesarean section, your options for giving birth include: Vaginal birth after caesarean section (VBAC) Elective...

What is bleeding in mid-late pregnancy? Mid-late pregnancy is any time from 20 weeks to full term. Bleeding can happen for many reasons. Some women have light bleeding, or spotting, through their whole pregnancy. During mid-late pregnancy, bleeding is usually caused by issues with the placenta or cervix, or due...

What is bleeding in rhesus negative women? The four major blood types are A, B, AB and O. Each of these are either rhesus positive or rhesus negative. Rhesus negative means the blood does not have a protein known as ‘D antigen’ on the surface of your red blood cells....

What will my healthcare team do to help my cope with my pregnancy loss? Your healthcare team can answer many of the medical questions you may have regarding the pregnancy loss. They are also able to provide some support and referrals to counselling to help you cope with the loss....

What is diabetes during pregnancy? If you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes and are pregnant, you need special care. Without the right care, there may be long-term negative effects for you and your baby. Having uncontrolled diabetes during pregnancy can increase the chance your baby does not develop...

What is it epilepsy in pregnancy? It is important to plan for a healthy pregnancy if you have epilepsy. Most women with epilepsy will have a good pregnancy and give birth to a healthy baby. Although, there are some risks. Having epilepsy may make it harder to get pregnant. Pregnancy...

What is it factor V leiden? Factor V Leiden is a gene mutation. It can increase your chance of developing an abnormal blood clot. Normally, blood clots form to stop bleeding from a cut. But, factor V Leiden can cause clots to form when they aren’t needed. Abnormal blood clots...

What is fetal movements? Fetal movements is a term that refers to the baby’s movements in the womb during pregnancy. Your baby’s movements are one of the signs they are well. Most pregnant women start to feel fetal movements from between 16 to 24 weeks. A baby’s movements can be...

What is gestational diabetes? Diabetes develops if the body can’t make enough insulin. Insulin helps the body to absorb sugar from the blood. Some women get a type of diabetes when they are pregnant. This is called gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after your baby is born. But,...

What is hypertension in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia? Hypertension in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia are health concerns that can affect pregnant women at any stage. Hypertension is high blood pressure. This is when your blood pressure reading is more than 140mmHg/90mmHg. Pre-eclampsia is a form of high blood pressure which happens during...

What is immunisation and pregnancy? Getting certain vaccines before, during and after pregnancy protects you and your baby. Vaccines for pregnant women include: Flu vaccine – can be taken any time while you are pregnant Pertussis vaccine – can be taken 20-32 weeks into your pregnancy If you’re planning to...

What is medical termination? A medical termination uses medication to end a pregnancy. It is safe and effective for pregnancies up to nine weeks gestation. Women may have a medical termination due to an unintended pregnancy or because pregnancy complications require a termination.   What do I need to do...

What is miscarriage? A miscarriage is a pregnancy loss that occurs within the fi­rst 20 weeks. This is usually confirmed with either blood tests or an ultrasound. Around one in fi­ve pregnancies miscarry and usually during the fi­rst 12 weeks. They are often unexpected. Having a miscarriage is not your...

What is obesity in pregnancy? It is normal to gain weight during pregnancy. However, being overweight or obese before pregnancy, or putting on too much wait during pregnancy, can increase the risk of problems like: Miscarriage and stillbirth High blood pressure and pre-eclampsia (a serious condition which can cause organ...

What is it? It is common for women to have some form of tear during a vaginal birth. A tear may happen when the baby stretches the vagina and perineum during birth. 9 out of 10 women giving birth for the first time will have some form of tear in...

What is planning to have a baby? If you’re planning to have a baby, it’s important to see your GP for a pre-conception visit so you can prepare for a healthy pregnancy and birth.   What will my GP do now that I am planning to have a baby? Your...

What is pre-pregnancy planning? If you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes and can become pregnant, it is important to plan. Planning helps women manage their diabetes and prepare for pregnancy. It is important even if you do not want to become pregnant. If you want to have a...

What is thyroid disease in pregnancy? Your thyroid gland is located in your neck, near the base of your throat. It makes hormones that keep your body working at the right ‘energy level’. These hormones help control things like your heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight. Sometimes during...

What is an unintended pregnancy? An unintended pregnancy is a pregnancy that is not planned. A chance pregnancy brings up a lot of emotions – even for women who know what they want. For some, it can result in a wanted birth. Others may struggle with the idea of a...

What is a dilatation and curettage? A Dilatation and Curettage (D&C) is an operation performed on women to scrape away the lining of the uterus. It is also called a curette. It is a day-surgery procedure usually done under a general anaesthetic. A D&C is sometimes done to assess potential...

What is iron therapy? Iron therapy is when you get iron injected into your vein through an intravenous (IV) infusion. Your body needs iron to make healthy red blood cells. There are many reasons you may not have enough iron in your body, including: Lack of iron in diet Heavy...

What is medical termination? A medical termination uses medication to end a pregnancy. It is safe and effective for pregnancies up to nine weeks gestation. Women may have a medical termination due to an unintended pregnancy or because pregnancy complications require a termination.   What do I need to do...

What is a surgical termination of pregnancy? Surgical termination of pregnancy is a safe day-surgery procedure. It can be performed anywhere between 7 to 22 weeks. Women may have a termination for an unintended pregnancy or because of pregnancy complications. If it is for an unintended pregnancy, this will need...

What is acute pelvic pain? Acute pelvic pain is soreness that’s felt in your lower stomach area. The pain may feel short, sharp, dull or fiery. It can be ongoing, or occasional. You might also notice bloating, nausea and other symptoms.  Acute pelvic pain can be mild or serious and...

What is chlamydia? Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection. It’s caused by bacteria. You get chlamydia by having unprotected sex with someone who already has it. You can also pass chlamydia to others by having unprotected sex. Chlamydia doesn’t always cause symptoms, so you may not know you have...

What is contact tracing? You’ve just found out you have a sexually transmitted infection (STI). There’s a lot going through your mind – and, getting treated as soon as possible is vital. Besides getting healthy, you need to make sure everyone you’ve had sex with recently knows to get tested,...

What is epididymo-orchitis? Epididymo-orchitis is the painful swelling of the testes and the tubes attached to each testicle. It is a common infection in adults. It can be mild to severe and is mostly caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It can also be caused by other germs. What...

What is genital warts? Genital warts, or Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), is a sexually transmitted infection caused by strains of the human papillomavirus. The disease spreads through unprotected sex. Symptoms include small bumps on the genitals which can cause pain, discomfort and itching. Treatment helps to get rid of symptoms...

What is gonorrhoea? Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria. Common symptoms include genital discharge, pain when urinating and eye infections. Many patients can have no symptoms. Infection spreads through unprotected sex and sexual contact. Gonorrhoea is treated effectively with antibiotics. It is important to get treated and...

What is herpes? Herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. As many as one in eight people have herpes. Symptoms include recurring genital pain and sores. While there is no cure for herpes, treatment helps to manage symptoms. The infection spreads through unprotected sex....

What is HIV exposure? People can become exposed to HIV in several ways. This may be from unprotected sex, sharing needles or having a needlestick injury. A needlestick injury is when an unclean needle pricks you, such as accidentally stepping on one. If you think you may have been exposed...

What is HIV? Living with HIV is the term used to describe people who are HIV-positive. Over the last three decades, there’s been a lot of progress in the way HIV is managed and treated. With proper treatment, it’s now possible to live ‘well’ with HIV and reduce the risk...

What is permanent contraception? Permanent contraception stops a person from being able to reproduce. There is an option for people with a uterus and for people with a penis. Both options work more than 99% of the time and involve a short hospital stay. Tubal ligation (for people with a...

What is pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)? Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) is a medication that greatly reduces the risk of getting HIV. PrEP is recommended for people with an ongoing risk of acquiring HIV infection. For example, people who are: Having anal or vaginal sex (with no condom) with a partner who is...

What is sexual health screening? Sexual health screening is testing for one or more sexually transmitted infections (STIs). You might need a screening test if your GP thinks there’s a risk you could have an STI. Not all STIs have symptoms. So, even if you’re feeling well, it’s important to...

What is syphilis? Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection. It’s a bacterial infection that spreads by having unprotected sex or through using unclean needles or an unscreened blood transfusion. Syphilis is diagnosed with a blood test. The infection starts as a painless sore on the genitals, rectum or mouth. It...

What is urethral discharge in males? Urethral discharge is when fluid leaks from the tube that carries urine and semen through the penis. It is often caused by germs from sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It can also be caused by other germs. You may also notice redness and swelling, pain,...

What is acne? Acne is a condition causing spots and painful bumps on the skin, also known as pimples. Acne can appear on the face, back and chest. It includes different kinds of spots, like blackheads (small, blocked pores) and whiteheads (small, hard bumps with a white centre). Acne can...

What is cellulitis? Cellulitis is a bacterial skin infection. The infected area may be swollen, red, hot and tender. Common and sometimes painful, cellulitis can spread quickly. If left untreated, cellulitis can cause serious harm. Treatment is usually an antibiotic.   What will my GP do now if I have...

What is a corn or callus? Corns and calluses are patches of thick, hard skin. They usually form on feet and toes but can also form on hands and fingers. They are caused by pressure or friction on the skin and rarely cause problems. A corn is a small, painful,...

What is eczema? Eczema, also called atopic dermatitis, is dry and irritated skin. Eczema often appears on the face, neck, body folds and hands. If you have eczema, you are more likely to have a skin infection. Eczema can last for a long time or come and go. It may...

What is hives (urticaria)? Hives (urticaria) is a type of itchy skin rash. The raised bumps (wheals) appear when skin cells release chemicals such as histamine. They can vary in size, and may look white or red. Each wheal can last a few minutes or several hours and may change...

What is pruritus? Pruritus is the medical word for itchy skin. There are many reasons why your skin can itch. You may have a rash or other skin condition. Itchy skin can also happen with other conditions such as liver problems or during dialysis. Pruritis may occur in one spot...

What is psoriasis? Psoriasis is a type of skin condition causing red, scaly patches and flaking. It often affects the scalp, elbows, and knees but can appear anywhere. It is not usually itchy. Psoriasis can also affect your nails and joints. When psoriasis affects joints, it can cause swelling and...

What is a rash? A rash is a change in colour and texture of the skin. They can feel hot, itchy, or painful. The rash may appear in one spot or around the body. They can last for days or weeks. Rashes are common in children and babies. There are...

What are skin conditions in pregnancy? During pregnancy, your skin may change. It may become dry, red, itchy, darker, or more sensitive than before you were pregnant. These changes are usually not serious and will go away after your baby is born. It is usually because of changes to your...

What are warts/verrucas? Warts and plantar warts (verrucas) are small, hard lumps on the skin. They are caused by a virus. Warts often appear on the feet, hands and face, though they can appear elsewhere on the body. They spread through skin-to-skin contact. They are common in children and teens,...

What happens after a loved one has died? After a loved one has died, your GP may sign a certificate that confirms the death. You cannot make funeral arrangements unless your GP has signed and issued this certificate. The certificate is used by the funeral director, or the person managing...

What is heatstroke? Heatstroke happens when your body gets too hot. It is more common in summer due to the hot and humid weather. It is the most harmful heat-related illness. If left untreated, heatstroke can damage your brain, heart, kidneys and muscles. Anyone can get heatstroke but older people,...

What is a heatwave? A heatwave is when there are more than three days in a row with a temperature above 34 degrees. It often happens during the summer months. It is easy to become overheated and dehydrated during a heatwave. Heatwaves can cause heat-related illnesses, such as: Heat rash:...

What is self-care for families and carers in palliative care? Caring for someone who has a life-limiting illness is hard but rewarding. It is normal to feel very upset during this time. You may also feel scared, helpless, confused, worried and shocked. As a carer, your effort will play a...

What is an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)? An oral glucose tolerance test, or OGTT, is a test that looks at the amount of glucose (sugar) in your blood. The results of the test will reveal whether you have gestational diabetes, which is diabetes that develops during pregnancy. All pregnant...

What is a skin biopsy? A skin biopsy is a quick and simple procedure that removes a small sample of skin for testing. It usually takes place in your doctor’s office. You may need a skin biopsy to help your doctor diagnose diseases such as skin cancer, infection or other...

What is dialysis? Your kidneys filter the blood in your body. They remove waste products that could harm your vital organs over time. When there are problems with your kidneys, the blood is no longer filtered properly and this can affect your health. Dialysis helps by filtering the blood for...

What is Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding? Abnormal vaginal bleeding is bleeding that happens outside of your regular period, bleeding after sex, or after you’ve gone through menopause (when your periods have stopped for good). There are many reasons someone might have abnormal vaginal bleeding. It can happen because of changes in...

What is it? Vaginal discharge is a fluid that comes out of your vagina. It is normally clear or white. Some changes to it are normal. For instance, it is normal to have more discharge around ovulation. Changes to normal discharge can be caused by infections, medication, or skin conditions...

What is heavy menstrual bleeding? Heavy periods mean you bleed a lot during your normal menstrual cycle. They are common and affect many women. Most people lose 2 to 3 tablespoons of blood. Losing more than 5 tablespoons is a heavy period.   You may have a heavy period if:...

What is a long-acting contraceptive? Long-acting contraceptives are birth-control devices that stay in your body for a long time (from one month to ten years). There are three types of long-acting contraceptives: Contraceptive injection - an injection given by your GP that provides protection against pregnancy for twelve weeks Contraceptive...

What is medical termination? A medical termination uses medication to end a pregnancy. It is safe and effective for pregnancies up to nine weeks gestation. Women may have a medical termination due to an unintended pregnancy or because pregnancy complications require a termination.   What do I need to do...

What is Menopause? Menopause is when a woman’s period ends due to hormone changes. Women experience menopause at around 50 years of age. Every woman will experience menopause in a different way. Common symptoms include hot flushes, night sweats and trouble sleeping.   Perimenopause refers to the time when your...

What is an ovarian mass? Ovarian masses (cysts) are fluid-filled sacs that appear in the ovary. The most common types of cysts form during ovulation, and are usually harmless. Some cysts can be cancerous. Your GP will examine any ovarian cysts carefully to rule out ovarian cancer. Cancerous cysts are...

What is pelvic inflammatory disease? Pelvic inflammatory disease is a bacterial infection of your uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. This infection may be a result of an untreated sexually transmitted infection (STI), such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea. Pelvic inflammatory disease can also occur: Due to an overgrowth of vaginal bacteria...

What is Postmenopausal Bleeding? Post-menopausal bleeding is any bleeding from the vagina that happens after menopause. You are in menopause for 12 months after your last period ends. Vaginal bleeding after menopause is not normal. There can be many reasons it is happening and some can be serious. Early detection...

What is pre-pregnancy planning? If you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes and can become pregnant, it is important to plan. Planning helps women manage their diabetes and prepare for pregnancy. It is important even if you do not want to become pregnant. If you want to have a...

What is Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)? Premenstrual syndrome, also known as PMS, is the physical and emotional changes some girls and women feel before their period. Some common signs of PMS may be: Cramps Feeling low or irritible Bloating (a swollen tummy) Back or breast pain Fatigue Headache Weight gain and...

What is a short-acting contraceptive? Short-acting contraceptives prevent pregnancies but are either single use or only last for a short time. The two main types of short-acting contraceptives are hormonal or barrier method. Hormonal contraceptives contain synthetic hormones that prevent pregnancy. These hormones are called oestrogens and progestogens. They copy...

What is a burn? A burn occurs when skin is injured by heat. Common causes of burns include hot or boiling liquids and solids, and flames. Burns can also be caused by the sun, radiation, friction, electricity and chemicals. There are three main types of burns: Superficial burns (first-degree burns):...

What is a leg ulcer? A leg ulcer is a wound on the leg or ankle. The wound is usually caused by damaged veins or veins not working properly. They can also occur due to blood clots, injuries or obesity. They are more common in older people with poor circulation....